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BASIC CONCEPT OF SAMPLE SURVEYS
A sample survey is a method of drawing an inference about the characteristics of a population
or universe by observing a part of the population. For example, when one has to make an
inference about a large lot and is not practicable to examine each individual member of the
lot, one always takes help of sample surveys, that is to say one examines only a few member
of the lot and, on the basis of this sample information, one makes decisions about the whole
lot. Thus, a person wanting to purchase a basket of oranges may examine a few oranges from
the basket and on that basis make his decision about the whole basket.
Such methods are extensively used by government bodies throughout the world for assessing,
different characteristics of national economy as are required for taking decisions regarding
the impositions of taxes, fixation of prices and minimum wages etc. and for planning and
projection of future economic structure, for estimation of yield rates and acreages under
different crops, number of unemployed persons in the labour forces, construction of cost of
living indices for persons in different professions and so on.
Sample survey techniques are extensively used in market research surveys for assessing the
preferential pattern of consumers for different types of products, the potential demand for a
new product which a company wishes to introduce, scope for any diversification in the
production schedule, and so on.
Thus, sampling may become unavoidable because we may have limited resources in terms of
money and / or man hours, or it may be preferred because of practical convenience.
Sampling is first broadly classified as Subjective and Objective.
Any type of sampling which depends upon the personal judgment or discretion of the sampler
himself is called Subjective. But the sampling method which is fixed by a sampling rule or is
independent of the sampler’s own judgment is Objective sampling.
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